Wine Terms

Acidity refers to the tartness or sourness in a wine, and is affected by grape variety, climate, and winemaking techniques. Acidity contributes to a wine's structure, balance, and ageing potential. High-acidity wines pair well with acidic and rich foods.

Alcohol content refers to the percentage of ethanol in a wine, which in normal wine generally ranges from 11%-16%. Alcohol content can affect a wine's flavour, body, and balance, and is influenced by factors such as grape ripeness, fermentation, and ageing. Alcohol is generally sensed less as a specific taste and more as sensation of warmth on the tongue and in the throat. Higher alcohol wines are often also described as bolder, fuller, and more bitter.

Alsace is a wine region in northeastern France known for its dry, aromatic white wines made from grape varieties such as Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Pinot Gris, and Muscat. The wines of Alsace are typically full-bodied and complex, with floral, fruit, and mineral notes and a distinctive acidity. An interesting fact: Alsace is the only French wine region where the grape variety is listed on the label (and we are grateful for it!).

Amarone is a style of red wine made in the Veneto region of northeastern Italy, using a blend of grape varieties such as Corvina, Rondinella, and Molinara. The grapes are dried on straw mats for several weeks to concentrate their flavours and sugars before being fermented and aged in oak barrels (a process known as (appassimento”). The resulting wine is full-bodied, rich, and complex, with flavours of dried fruit, spices, and chocolate, and generally high in alcohol.

AOC stands for Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée, a French system of wine classification based on geographical origin and production methods. AOC designations can indicate a wine's quality, grape variety, and style, and are subject to strict regulations and inspections.

Appassimento is an Italian winemaking technique used to produce wines with concentrated flavours and higher sugar content. It’s used to classic and fantastic effect in the Valpolicella region, particularly in Amarone wines. The term "appassimento" comes from the Italian word "appassire," which means "to dry" or "to wither."

Arneis is a white wine grape variety indigenous to the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy. This grape has gained recognition for producing aromatic and crisp white wines, often used as a delightful alternative to the region's more famous red wines like Barolo and Barbaresco. Arneis wines are known for their alluring aromas, typically featuring notes of white flowers, pear, apple, and hints of apricot. On the palate, they exhibit a lively acidity and a pleasing medium body, with flavors of orchard fruits and subtle mineral undertones.

Aroma refers to the scent of a wine, which can include fruity, floral, herbal, or spicy notes. A wine's aroma can give clues to the grapes used, winemaking techniques, and the wine’s age, and is a significant part of how a wine tastes and its overall impression.

Balance refers to the harmony between a wine's various elements, especially acidity, sweetness, tannins, and alcohol. A well-balanced wine can be complex, enjoyable, and age-worthy, while an imbalanced wine can be harsh, unpleasant, or short-lived.

Barbaresco is a red wine made in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy using the Nebbiolo grape variety. Barbaresco is known for its elegant and floral character, with flavours of red berries, violets, and spices, and a long and smooth finish. Barbaresco must be aged for a minimum of two years, including at least one year in oak barrels.

Barbera is a red grape that is widely grown in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy, as well as in other parts of Italy and the world. Barbera is known for its high acidity, low tannins, and juicy red fruit flavours, and is often used to make fresh and easy-drinking wines. Barbera d'Asti is a sub-region of Piedmont known for its high-quality Barbera wines.

Barolo is a red wine made in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy, using the Nebbiolo grape variety. Barolo is known for its full-bodied and tannic character, with flavours of cherries, roses, and truffles, and a long and complex finish. Barolo must be aged for a minimum of three years, including at least two years in oak barrels.

Barrique refers to a small oak barrel used for ageing wine, which can impart flavours of vanilla, spice, and toast. Barriques can influence a wine's texture, aroma, and complexity, and are commonly used in winemaking regions such as Bordeaux and Napa Valley. When you close your eyes and imagine barrels in a winery, those are barriques.

Bâtonnage is a winemaking technique used in the production of certain white wines, particularly those made from Chardonnay and other barrel-aged white grape varieties. The term "bâtonnage" is French, and it translates to "stirring" or "agitation."

Beaujolais is a wine region in eastern France known for its light and fruity red wines made from the Gamay grape variety. Beaujolais wines are typically fermented using a technique called carbonic maceration, which gives the wine a bright and fruity character with flavours of red cherries and raspberries. Beaujolais Nouveau is a style of wine that is released just a few weeks after harvest and is known for its youthful and fresh character.

Biodynamic refers to a type of organic farming that uses holistic principles to cultivate grapes and produce wine. Biodynamic practices can include using lunar cycles, composting, and natural remedies to enhance soil health, biodiversity, and vine vitality.

When discussing grape varieties, "biotype" typically refers to a distinct genetic variant within a particular grape variety. A biotype may exhibit slight genetic differences that result in unique characteristics, such as variations in flavour, colour, or disease resistance. However, these biotypes are usually identified and named within the specific grape variety and are not generally referred to as "biotype grapes" as a standalone term.

Generally used in connection with Champagne and other sparkling wines, Blanc de Blancs refers to a white wine made entirely from white grapes, such as Chardonnay. Blanc de Blancs can be light and crisp or rich and complex and are often associated with regions such as Champagne and Burgundy.

Generally used in connection with Champagne and other sparkling wines, Blanc de Noirs refers to a white wine made exclusively from red grapes, with the skins removed before fermentation (to avoid colouring the wine). Blanc de Noirs can have a delicate pink colour and flavours of red fruit and flowers and are often made from Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier grapes.

Blend refers to a wine made from a mixture of two or more grape varieties, which can create a wine with unique flavours, aromas, and textures. Blending can also be used to balance out the strengths and weaknesses of different grapes and vineyards.

Despite being the second-most planted red grape in Spain (after Tempranillo), Bobal is still relatively unknown outside the country. With thick skin and high tannin levels, Bobal wines typically exhibit dark fruit flavours with hints of spice and earthiness. The grape's resilience to extreme weather conditions and ability to age well make it an important component in the production of robust and full-bodied wines.

Body refers to the weight and texture of a wine, which can range from light and thin to full and rich. The body of a wine can be influenced by factors such as grape variety, climate, fermentation, and ageing, and can affect a wine's mouthfeel, flavour, and ageing potential. different grapes and vineyards.

Bordeaux is a wine region in southwestern France known for its red wines made from grape varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Cabernet Franc. Bordeaux wines are typically full-bodied and complex, with flavours of blackcurrants, plums, and spices, and a firm tannic structure. Bordeaux also produces white wines made from grape varieties such as Sauvignon Blanc and Sémillon.

Botrytis Cinerea refers to a type of fungus that can cause grapes to shrivel and concentrate their sugars, resulting in sweet and complex wines. While “fungus” doesn’t sound great at first, Botrytis is also known as "noble rot," and is used in regions such as Sauternes and Tokaj to produce fantastic dessert wines.

Brunello di Montalcino is a red wine made in the Tuscany region of central Italy, using the Sangiovese grape variety. Brunello di Montalcino is known for its full-bodied and powerful character, with flavours of cherries, leather, and tobacco, and a long and complex finish. Brunello di Montalcino must be aged for a minimum of four years, including at least two years in oak barrels.

Burgundy is a wine region in eastern France known for its high-quality and terroir-driven wines made from grape varieties such as Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. Burgundy wines are typically elegant, lighter-bodied, and complex, with flavours of red and black fruit, spices, and earthy notes for reds, and citrus, mineral, and buttery notes for whites. Burgundy is divided into several sub-regions, including Chablis, Côte de Nuits, Côte de Beaune, and Maconnais, each with its own distinctive character and style.

Cabernet Franc is a red grape that is widely grown in the Bordeaux region of France, as well as in other parts of the world. Cabernet Franc is known for its herbaceous and spicy character, with flavours of red berries, tobacco, and graphite. Cabernet Franc is often used as a blending grape in Bordeaux-style wines but is also made into varietal wines.

Cabernet Sauvignon is a red grape that is widely grown in many wine regions around the world. Cabernet Sauvignon is known for its full-bodied and tannic character, with flavours of blackcurrants, blackberries, and cedar. Cabernet Sauvignon is often blended with other grape varieties, such as Merlot, to soften its tannins and add complexity.

Carbonic maceration is a winemaking technique in which whole grapes are fermented in a carbon dioxide-rich environment before crushing. This process encourages intracellular fermentation within the intact grape berries, resulting in wines with fruity and sometimes floral aromas and lower tannin levels.

Carignan is a red grape that is widely grown in the Languedoc-Roussillon region of southern France, as well as in other parts of the world. Carignan is known for its high acidity, firm tannins, and flavours of dark fruit and spices. Carignan is often used as a blending grape but is also made into varietal wines.

Carmenere is a red grape that is widely grown in Chile, where it was mistaken for Merlot for many years. Carmenere is known for its herbaceous and spicy character, with flavours of blackcurrants, tobacco, and green pepper.

Cava is a sparkling wine made in the Catalonia region of northeastern Spain, using grape varieties such as Macabeo, Xarel-lo, and Parellada. Cava is known for its fresh and fruity character, with flavours of green apples, citrus, and almonds. Cava is made using the traditional method, the same style used to make Champagne, which involves a second fermentation in the bottle.

Chablis is a wine region in Burgundy, France, known for its dry and mineral-driven white wines made from Chardonnay grapes. Chablis wines are typically unoaked, with flavours of green apples, lemon, and flint. Chablis is divided into several appellations, each with its own terroir and style.

Champagne is a wine region in northeastern France, known for its sparkling wines generally made from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Pinot Meunier (though a few other grapes are allowed). Champagne is made using the traditional method, also called the méthode champenoise, which involves a second fermentation in the bottle. Champagne is known for its lively and complex character, with flavours of citrus, brioche, and honey.

Chardonnay is a white grape that is widely grown around the world. Chardonnay is known for its rich and buttery character, with flavours of tropical fruit, vanilla, and toast. Chardonnay is often aged in oak barrels, which gives the wine a creamy and complex texture. While much maligned due to a growth in poor-quality, overly oaked versions over the last 20 years, Chardonnay is a classic, versatile grape that can produce fantastic wines. 

Châteauneuf-du-Pape is a wine region in the Rhône Valley of southern France, known for its rich and full-bodied red wines made from a blend of grapes such as Grenache, Syrah, and Mourvèdre. Châteauneuf-du-Pape wines are typically spicy and complex, with flavours of dark fruit, herbs, and earthy notes, and require ageing to reach their full potential. 

Chenin Blanc is a white grape that is widely grown in the Loire Valley of France, as well as in South Africa and other parts of the world. Chenin Blanc is known for its high acidity and versatility and is used to make a wide range of wines, from dry and crisp to sweet and luscious. Chenin Blanc wines are typically characterised by flavours of green apples, honey, and flowers.

Chianti is a red wine made in the Tuscany region of central Italy using a blend of grape varieties such as Sangiovese, Canaiolo, and Colorino. Chianti is known for its medium-bodied and fruity character, with flavours of cherries, plums, and spices. Chianti is typically aged in oak barrels, which gives the wine a complex and elegant structure.

Cinsault is a red grape that is widely grown in the southern Rhône Valley of France, as well as in other parts of the world. Cinsault is known for its soft and fruity character, with flavours of red berries and spices. Cinsault is often used as a blending grape but is also made into varietal wines.

A clone refers to a group of grapevines that are genetically identical to each other, derived from a single parent vine through asexual propagation. Cloning is a common practice in grapevine cultivation to ensure consistency in the characteristics and traits of the grape variety.

Colour refers to the hue and intensity of a wine, which can range from pale white to deep purple or ruby. Colour can be influenced by factors such as grape variety, skin contact, and ageing, and can give a clue to a wine's age, grape variety, and winemaking style.

Corked refers to a wine that has been contaminated with a cork taint, resulting in a musty or mouldy smell and flavour. Cork taint can be caused by a chemical compound called TCA, which can affect the wine's quality and character. When you are offered to taste a wine at a restaurant, cork taint is one of the main things you should be checking for.

Corvina is a red grape that is widely grown in the Veneto region of northeastern Italy, where it is used to make wines such as Valpolicella, Amarone, and Ripasso. Corvina is known for its deep colour and rich, fruity character, with flavours of cherries, plums, and spices. Corvina is often blended with other grape varieties, such as Rondinella and Molinara.

Côtes du Rhône is a wine region in the southern Rhône Valley of France, known for its red wines made from a blend of grape varieties such as Grenache, Syrah, and Mourvèdre. Côtes du Rhône wines are typically full-bodied and spicy, with flavours of dark fruit, herbs, and earthy notes.

"Crianza" indicates a Spanish wine that has been aged for a minimum of two years, with at least six months spent in oak barrels. This term denotes that the wine is of higher quality than younger wines from the same winery.

Cru refers to a specific vineyard or growing region, and can indicate a wine's quality and prestige. Cru can be used in regions such as Burgundy, Rhône Valley, and Bordeaux to denote different levels of quality and origin.

Disgorgement is a crucial step in the traditional method of making sparkling wines, such as Champagne. It involves removing the sediment that forms in the neck of the bottle after the secondary fermentation, which gives these wines their effervescence.

Dolcetto is a red grape that is widely grown in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy, where it is used to make wines such as Dolcetto d'Alba and Dolcetto di Dogliani. Dolcetto is known for its soft and fruity character, with flavours of blackberries, plums, and spices. Dolcetto wines are typically aged in stainless steel or concrete tanks to preserve their fruitiness.

Dosage refers to the amount of sugar and wine added to a bottle of sparkling wine after disgorgement, which can affect its sweetness level. Dosage can be used to balance the wine's acidity and enhance its flavour and texture.

Douro is a wine region in northern Portugal, known for its red wines made from grape varieties such as Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, and Tinta Roriz. Douro wines are typically full-bodied and rich, with flavours of black fruit, chocolate, and spices. Douro is also known for its fortified wines, such as Port.

Dry refers to a wine that has little to no residual sugar, resulting in a lack of sweetness. Dry wines can range from light and crisp to full-bodied and complex and are often paired with food.

Earthy refers to a wine that has aromas and flavours reminiscent of soil, mushrooms, or truffles. Earthy notes can be caused by factors such as the grape variety, terroir, and winemaking techniques, and can give a wine a unique and complex character.

Fermentation is the process by which yeast or bacteria convert sugars into alcohol, carbon dioxide, and other byproducts. In winemaking, fermentation typically refers to the conversion of grape juice (or “must”) into wine, where yeast consumes the sugar in the grape juice and produces alcohol.

Fortified wine refers to a wine that has been fortified with distilled spirits, such as brandy, to increase its alcohol content and stabilise it for ageing. Fortified wines can be sweet or dry, and can be enjoyed as an aperitif, dessert, or digestif.

Fudres are large oak barrels or casks traditionally used in vinification, particularly in Spain and France. They are known for their large size and distinctive shape, which allows for slow and gentle ageing of the wine. Fudres are often favoured by winemakers for their ability to impart subtle flavours and aromas to the wine during the ageing process.

Gamay is a red grape that is widely grown in the Beaujolais region of France. Gamay is known for its light and fruity character, with flavours of red cherries and raspberries. Beaujolais wines are typically made using carbonic maceration, which gives the wine a bright and fresh character.

Gewürztraminer is a white grape that is widely grown in the Alsace region of France as well as in Germany. Gewürztraminer is known for its aromatic and spicy character, with flavours of lychees, roses, and ginger. Gewürztraminer is often made into off-dry or sweet wines, but can also be made into dry wines.

In viticulture, grafting is a common practice used to combat the devastating effects of the phylloxera pest, which attacks the roots of grapevines. As a result, most modern vineyards use grafted vines, where a cutting or scion of the desired grape variety is attached to the rootstock of a different, phylloxera-resistant grapevine. Ungrafted, also known as "own-rooted," refers to grapevines that have not been grafted onto a separate rootstock.

"Gran Reserva" denotes a Spanish wine that has been aged for a minimum of five years, with at least two years spent in oak barrels. This term is used to indicate that the wine is of the highest quality from the winery and is typically produced in exceptional vintages with excellent ageing potential.

Grand Cru refers to a vineyard or growing region that produces the highest-quality wines. Grand Cru can be used in regions such as Burgundy, Champagne, and Alsace to denote the best vineyards or villages, whose wines can command high prices.

Grenache is a red grape that is widely grown in the Rhône Valley of France, as well as in Spain and other parts of the world. Grenache is known for its fruity and spicy character, with flavours of red berries, pepper, and herbs. Grenache is often blended with other grape varieties, such as Syrah and Mourvèdre, to add complexity and structure.

Grüner Veltliner is a white grape that is widely grown in Austria, as well as in other parts of the world. Grüner Veltliner is known for its crisp and fresh character, with flavours of green apples, white pepper, and herbs. Grüner Veltliner is often made into dry wines, but can also be made into sweet or sparkling wines.

Herbaceous refers to a wine that has aromas and flavours reminiscent of herbs, such as thyme or basil. Herbaceous notes can be caused by factors such as the grape variety, terroir, and winemaking techniques, and can add complexity and freshness to a wine.

Herbal refers to a wine that has aromas and flavours reminiscent of herbal remedies or tea. Herbal notes can be caused by factors such as the grape variety, fermentation, and ageing, and can give a wine a medicinal or soothing quality.

High Altitude refers to a vineyard or growing region that is located at a high elevation, which can result in wines with more pronounced flavours, high acidity, and balanced alcohol. High Altitude can affect factors such as temperature, sunlight, and soil composition, and can produce wines with high acidity, tannins, and aromas.

Ice Wine is a type of dessert wine produced from grapes that have been frozen while still on the vine, concentrating their sugars and flavours. Noted for its rich, sweet taste and balanced acidity, Ice Wine is predominantly produced in Germany (where it's known as Eiswein) and Canada.

Also known as wild or native yeast, indigenous yeast refers to the naturally occurring yeast present on grape skins or in the winery, used to ferment grape juice into wine. Wines made with indigenous yeasts often exhibit more complexity and a sense of terroir compared to those made with commercial yeasts.

Joven is a Spanish term meaning 'young.' In winemaking, it refers to wines that are typically released and intended for consumption soon after the vintage, with little to no oak ageing. These wines, often made from Tempranillo or Garnacha grapes, showcase fresh and fruity characteristics.

Jerez is a town in Andalusia, Spain, recognized as the heartland of Sherry production. The term 'Jerez' is also used to refer to the fortified wines (Sherries) produced in this region, encompassing styles from the light and dry Fino and Manzanilla, to the sweet and dark Pedro Ximénez and Oloroso. The unique ageing process under a layer of yeast, known as flor, and the complex Solera system give Sherry its distinctive characteristics.

Kabinett is a German term from the Prädikat system, used to describe high-quality wines primarily from the Mosel region. It denotes the lightest, most delicate style of Riesling in Germany, made from fully ripened grapes, typically with lower alcohol levels and a balance between sweetness and acidity.

Late Harvest refers to a wine made from grapes that have been left on the vine longer than usual, generally resulting in higher sugar content and a sweeter or stronger wine. Late Harvest wines can be enjoyed as dessert wines or paired with strong cheeses, fruit, or nuts.

Lees refers to the sediment left over after fermentation, which can be stirred back into the wine to add complexity and texture. Allowing a finished wine to rest on lees (known as lees ageing) can add complexity to a wine, often imparting yeasty, bready flavours like brioche, toast, and dough, and giving a wine a creamier mouthfeel.

Legs refers to the droplets that form on the inside of a wine glass when the wine is swirled, which can indicate the wine's alcohol content and viscosity. A more viscous wine will have longer “legs” on the side of the glass. Legs are affected by factors such as the wine's sugar, alcohol, and glycerol content, and can give a clue to a wine's quality and style.

The Loire Valley is a wine region in western France, known for its high-quality white wines made from grape varieties such as Sauvignon Blanc, Chenin Blanc, and Melon de Bourgogne. Loire Valley wines are typically crisp and refreshing, with flavours of citrus, herbs, and minerals. The Loire Valley also produces red wines, such as Chinon and Bourgueil, made from the Cabernet Franc grape variety.

Madeira is a fortified wine made on the Portuguese island of Madeira, using grape varieties such as Sercial, Verdelho, Bual, and Malvasia. Madeira is known for its complex and oxidative character, with flavours of caramel, nuts, and dried fruit. Madeira is often aged for many years, which gives the wine a unique and distinctive character.

Magnum refers to a large-format bottle that holds two standard bottles of wine, which can result in slower ageing and improved flavour development. Magnums are often used for special occasions, ageing, or as a gift for wine collectors.

Malbec is a red grape that is widely grown around the world but is most prominent in Argentina. Malbec is known for its rich and full-bodied character, with flavours of blackberries, plums, and spices. Malbec is often blended with other grape varieties, such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot.

Médoc is a wine region in the Bordeaux region of France, known for its high-quality red wines made from grape varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Cabernet Franc. Médoc wines are typically full-bodied and complex, with flavours of blackcurrants, plums, and spices. Médoc is divided into several appellations, including Margaux, Pauillac, and Saint-Estèphe.

Merlot is a red grape that is grown around the world. Merlot is known for its soft and fruity character, with flavours of black cherries, plums, and chocolate. Merlot is often used as a blending grape but is also made into varietal wines.

Montepulciano is a red grape grown in central and southern Italy, where it is used to make wines such as Montepulciano d'Abruzzo and Rosso Conero. Montepulciano is known for its rich and fruity character, with flavours of blackberries, plums, and spices. Montepulciano wines are typically aged in oak barrels to add complexity and structure. 

Mourvèdre is a red grape commonly grown in the southern Rhône Valley of France, as well as in other parts of the world. Mourvèdre is known for its dark and tannic character, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices. Mourvèdre is often blended with other grape varieties, such as Grenache and Syrah, to add structure and complexity. 

Muscat is a white grape that is widely grown around the world. Muscat is known for its floral and aromatic character, with flavours of orange blossom, honeysuckle, and apricots. Muscat is generally associated with sweet wines, though can also be made into dry wines as well. 

Must refers to the freshly crushed grape juice that contains the skins, seeds, and solids from the grape. It is the raw material used for winemaking before fermentation begins. Must typically undergoes fermentation to produce wine, but it can also be used to make other grape-based products like grape juice or vinegar.

Natural wine refers to a wine made with minimal intervention, using organic or biodynamic grapes and native yeasts. Natural wines are often unfiltered, unfined, and have little to no added sulfites, resulting in a wine with a unique expression of the underlying grapes and terroir and a distinctive palate.

Nebbiolo is a red grape that is most commonly associated with the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy, where it is used to make wines such as Barolo and Barbaresco. Nebbiolo is known for its tannic and complex character, with flavours of red cherries, roses, and tar. Nebbiolo wines are typically aged for many years in oak barrels to soften their tannins and add complexity.

Negroamaro is a red grape that is mostly grown in the Puglia region of southern Italy, where it is used to make wines such as Salice Salentino and Negroamaro di Terra d'Otranto. Negroamaro is known for its full-bodied and spicy character, with flavours of blackberries, plums, and chocolate. Negroamaro is often blended with other grape varieties, such as Malvasia Nera and Primitivo. 

Nero d'Avola is a red grape that is widely grown in the Sicily region of southern Italy, where it is used to make wines such as Nero d'Avola and Cerasuolo di Vittoria. Nero d'Avola is known for its full-bodied and fruity character, with flavours of blackberries, plums, and spices. Nero d'Avola is often aged in oak barrels to add complexity and structure.

Nose refers to the aroma of a wine, which can be evaluated by smelling the wine before tasting it. A wine's nose can give clues to its quality, grape variety, and winemaking techniques, and can also influence a wine's taste and overall impression.

Oaky refers to a wine that has aromas and flavours reminiscent of oak, such as vanilla, spice, or toast. Oaky notes can be caused by ageing the wine in oak barrels or using oak chips and can add richness and complexity to a wine.

Organic wine refers to a wine made from grapes that have been grown without the use of synthetic fertilisers, pesticides, or herbicides. Organic wine can be certified by regulatory bodies such as the USDA or EU and can provide a healthier and more sustainable alternative to conventional farming.

Petit Verdot is a red grape that is widely grown in the Bordeaux region of France. Petit Verdot is known for its dark colour and tannic character, with flavours of black fruit, violets, and spices. Petit Verdot is often used as a blending grape to add structure and complexity to Bordeaux-style wines.

Phylloxera is a tiny, sap-sucking insect that is a notorious pest for grapevines. In the late 19th century, Phylloxera decimated vineyards across Europe. Grafting of vines onto Phylloxera-resistant rootstock or the breeding of hybrid vines are commonly used to keep Phylloxera at bar and protect modern vines. Pre-Phylloxera vines that survived the 19th century are rare but highly prized today.

The home of Barolo and Barbaresco, among others, Piedmont is a wine region in northwestern Italy, known for its high-quality red wines made from grape varieties such as Nebbiolo, Barbera, and Dolcetto. Piedmont wines are typically full-bodied and complex, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices. Piedmont is also known for its white wines, such as Gavi and Arneis.

Pinot Grigio is a white grape that is widely grown in Italy, as well as in other parts of the world. Pinot Grigio is known for its crisp and fresh character, with flavours of citrus, green apple, and minerals. Pinot Grigio is often made into dry wines that are light and refreshing. It is the same grape as Pinot Gris—the name for the grape in France—but stylistically the two are very different due to differences in climate and styles

Pinot Gris is the name for Pinot Grigio in France. While the same grape, the finished product of Pinot Gris is stylistically different from Pinot Grigio. Pinot Gris is known for its rich and complex character, with flavours of pear, apricot, and honey. Pinot Gris is often made into off-dry or sweet wines, but can also be made into dry wines.

Pinot Noir is a red grape that is one of the most popular varieties around the world. Pinot Noir is known for its complex and delicate character, with flavours of red fruit, herbs, and earth. Pinot Noir is often aged in oak barrels to add complexity and structure. Pinots are generally lighter-bodied and can be immensely elegant. Some of the world's greatest wines are made from Pinot Noir, most notable from the top vineyards in Burgundy. California, Washington, and Orgeon in the US also produce exceptional Pinot Noir.

Pinotage is a red grape that is grown almost exclusively in South Africa. Pinotage is a cross between Pinot Noir and Cinsault and is known for its full-bodied and fruity character, with flavours of blackberries, plums, and smoke. Pinotage is often aged in oak barrels to add complexity and structure.

Pomerol is a wine region in the Bordeaux region of France, known for its high-quality red wines made from grape varieties such as Merlot and Cabernet Franc. Pomerol wines are typically full-bodied and complex, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices.

Port is a fortified wine made in the Douro Valley of Portugal, using grape varieties such as Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, and Tinta Roriz. Port is known for its rich and sweet character, with flavours of dried fruit, nuts, and chocolate. Port is often aged in oak barrels to add complexity and structure. 

Pouilly-Fumé is a wine region in the Loire Valley of France, known for its high-quality white wines made from the Sauvignon Blanc grape variety. Pouilly-Fumé wines are typically crisp and refreshing, with flavours of citrus, herbs, and minerals.         

Premier Cru refers to a vineyard or growing region that produces high-quality wines, but is generally ranked below Grand Cru. Premier Cru can be used in regions such as Burgundy and Champagne to denote the second-best vineyards or villages, and can offer a good value for the price. The term is used in Bordeaux as well, but with a more complex naming convention, just to keep things interesting.   

Primary aroma refers to the aromas of a wine that come from the grape itself, which can include fruity or floral notes. Primary aromas can give a first impression of a wine's character and quality. Secondary and tertiary aromas come from the winemaking process and ageing, respectively. 

Priorat is a wine region in northeastern Spain, known for its high-quality red wines made from grape varieties such as Garnacha and Cariñena. Priorat wines are typically full-bodied and complex, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices. Priorat is also known for its white wines, which are made from grape varieties such as Garnacha Blanca and Macabeo.  

Prosecco is a sparkling wine made in the Veneto region of Italy, using the Glera grape variety. Prosecco is known for its light and fruity character, with flavours of green apple, pear, and citrus. Prosecco is often made in a dry or off-dry style. Prosecco is not made using the traditional method used in Champagne and thus has a different character and style from Champagne.  

In Spain, the term "Reserva" is regulated by law and can only be used for certain wines that have been aged for a minimum of three years. For red wines, at least one year of ageing must be in oak barrels. The use of the term "Reserva" on a wine label indicates that the wine is of higher quality and has been aged for a longer period of time than most other wines from the same winery.

The term "Reserve" is commonly used in the United States to indicate that a wine is of higher quality or has been aged for a longer period of time. However, there are no strict rules on what constitutes a "Reserve" wine and the term is often used as a marketing tool.

The Rhône Valley is a wine region in southeastern France, known for its high-quality red and white wines made from grape varieties such as Syrah, Grenache, and Viognier. Rhône wines are typically full-bodied and complex, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices.

Ribera del Duero is a wine region in northern Spain, known for its high-quality red wines made from the Tempranillo grape variety. Ribera del Duero wines are typically full-bodied and complex, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices.

Riesling is a white grape that is widely grown in Germany but is incredibly popular around the world. Riesling is known for its aromatic and fruity character, with flavours of green apple, peach, and lime. Riesling is often made into off-dry or sweet wines, but can also be made into dry wines.

Rioja is a wine region in northern Spain, known for its high-quality red and white wines made from grape varieties such as Tempranillo, Garnacha, and Viura. Rioja wines are typically full-bodied and complex, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices.

The rootstock is the portion of the grapevine that comprises the root system, including the main roots and the root fibres. It is selected for specific characteristics, such as resistance to pests, diseases, and adverse soil conditions, as well as its ability to regulate the growth of the vine.

Rosé is a type of wine that is made from red grape varieties, but is produced similarly to a white, resulting in a much lighter, pink colour. Rosé wines are typically light and refreshing, with flavours of strawberries, raspberries, and citrus. Rosé wines can be made in a dry or sweet style.

Sancerre is a wine region in the Loire Valley of France, known for its high-quality white wines made from Sauvignon Blanc. Sancerre wines are typically crisp and refreshing, with flavours of citrus, herbs, and minerals.

Sangiovese is a red grape that is widely grown in Italy, particularly in the Tuscany region. Sangiovese is known for its bright and fruity character, with flavours of red cherries, herbs, and spices. Sangiovese is the primary grape variety used in wines such as Chianti and Brunello di Montalcino.

Sauternes is a wine region in the Bordeaux region of France, known for its high-quality sweet wines made from grapes such as Semillon and Sauvignon Blanc. Sauternes wines are typically rich and complex, with flavours of honey, apricots, and vanilla.

Sauvignon Blanc is a white grape that is among the most widely planted globally. Sauvignon Blanc is known for its crisp and refreshing character, with flavours of citrus, herbs, and minerals. Sauvignon Blanc is often made into dry wines that are light and fruity.

Secondary aroma refers to the aroma of a wine that develops from the winemaking process itself, such as fermentation, lees ageing, and time spent in barrels. Among others, these aromas can include notes of yeast, butter, toast, vanilla, and nuts. Secondary aromas can be influenced by factors such as the type of yeast used, the temperature of fermentation, and the use of different types of oak barrels.

Sémillon is a white grape that is widely grown in the Bordeaux region of France. Sémillon is known for its rich and honeyed character, with flavours of dried fruit, nuts, and spices. Sémillon is often used to make sweet wines, such as Sauternes. 

Sherry is a fortified wine made in the Jerez region of southern Spain, using grape varieties such as Palomino and Pedro Ximenez. Sherry is known for its nutty and complex character, with flavours of dried fruit, caramel, and spices.  

Also known as Syrah, Shiraz is a red grape that is widely grown in Australia, South Africa, France, as well as many other parts of the world. Shiraz is known for its full-bodied and spicy character, with flavours of black fruit, pepper, and tobacco.  

Silky refers to a wine that has a smooth and soft texture, often with low tannins and high alcohol. Silky wines can be enjoyable on their own or paired with food and can offer a luxurious and velvety mouthfeel.   

Spicy refers to a wine that has aromas and flavours reminiscent of spices, such as cinnamon, pepper, or clove. Spicy notes can be caused by factors such as the grape variety, terroir, and winemaking techniques, and can add warmth and complexity to a wine.

Stainless steel tank refers to a steel container or vessel used in winemaking for fermentation, storage, or ageing of wine. Stainless steel tanks are widely used in the wine industry due to their durability, hygienic properties, and the ability to maintain a controlled environment for winemaking.

Steely refers to a wine that has high acidity and a mineral-like flavour, often associated with cool-climate regions. Steely wines can be refreshing and crisp and can pair well with seafood, salads, or light appetisers.

Super Tuscan is a style of red wine that is made in Tuscany, Italy, using non-traditional (for the region) grape varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. Super Tuscan wines are typically full-bodied and complex, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices.

Supple refers to a wine that has a soft and velvety texture, often with moderate tannins and balanced acidity. Supple wines can be easy-drinking and approachable and can offer good value for everyday consumption.

Sweetness refers to the level of residual sugar in a wine, which can range from bone-dry to dessert-sweet. Sweetness can be affected by factors such as grape ripeness, fermentation, and fortification, and can influence a wine's flavour, texture, and ageing potential.

Also known as Shiraz, Syrah is a red grape that is widely grown around the world. Syrah is known for its full-bodied and spicy character, with flavours of black fruit, pepper, and herbs. Syrah is often aged in oak barrels to add complexity and structure.

Table wine refers to a term used to describe a simple, everyday wine that is meant to be consumed with food without offering much in terms of complexity or depth. Table wine can be made from a variety of grape varieties and regions, and can offer an affordable and versatile option for casual occasions.

Tannins refer to a group of compounds found in grape skins, seeds, and stems, which can contribute bitterness, astringency, and structure to a wine. Tannins can be affected by factors such as grape variety, terroir, and winemaking techniques, and can provide a wine with ageing potential and food-pairing versatility.

Tempranillo is a red grape that is widely grown in Spain, particularly in the Rioja and Ribera del Duero regions. Tempranillo is known for its full-bodied and complex character, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices. Tempranillo is often aged in oak barrels to add complexity and structure.

Terpenes are a diverse group of organic compounds that are naturally occurring in many plants, including grapes. They are responsible for the aroma and flavour profiles found in various fruits, flowers, and herbs. Terpenes play a crucial role in determining the sensory characteristics of wines and are an essential component of the overall aroma and taste experience. In grapes and wines, terpenes are primarily derived from the grape skins and can be found in higher concentrations in aromatic grape varieties, such as Muscat, Gewürztraminer, Riesling, and Viognier.

One of the most difficult to define terms in wine, “terroir” refers to the combination of soil, climate, topography, and other environmental factors that can influence the character of a wine. Terroir can give a wine a unique sense of place and can be used to differentiate wines from different regions, vineyards, or microclimates.

Tertiary aroma refers to the aroma of a wine that develops over time during ageing, which can include notes of leather, tobacco, mushroom, or earth. Tertiary aromas can give a wine a mature and complex character and can be influenced by factors such as the type of oak used, the length of ageing, and the storage conditions.

Tokaji is a sweet wine made in the Tokaj region of Hungary, using grape varieties such as Furmint and Hárslevelű. Tokaji is known for its rich and complex character, with flavours of honey, apricots, and nuts. Tokaji is often aged in oak barrels to add complexity and structure.

Torrontés is a white grape that is widely grown in Argentina. Torrontés is known for its aromatic and floral character, with flavours of citrus, peach, and herbs. Torrontés is often made into dry wines that are light and refreshing.

Touriga Nacional is a red grape that is widely grown in Portugal, particularly in the Douro Valley. Touriga Nacional is known for its full-bodied and tannic character, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices. Touriga Nacional is often used to make Port wines.

The "Traditional Method" refers to a specific production process commonly associated with the production of sparkling wines, particularly Champagne. This method involves a secondary fermentation that occurs inside the bottle, creating the bubbles. The process typically includes the addition of a mixture of sugar and yeast to the base wine, followed by ageing on the lees (yeast sediment) for an extended period to develop complex flavours. The wine is then disgorged to remove the sediment and topped up with a dosage (a mixture of wine and sugar) before final corking. This method is time-consuming and labour-intensive but is valued for its ability to produce high-quality sparkling wines.

Trocken refers to a German term meaning "dry," often used to describe dry Riesling wines. Trocken wines can be crisp, refreshing, and mineral-driven, and can offer a versatile and food-friendly option for white wine lovers.

Tuscany is a wine region in central Italy, known for its high-quality red wines made from grape varieties such as Sangiovese, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot. Tuscany wines are typically full-bodied and complex, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices.

Valpolicella is a wine region in northeastern Italy, known for its high-quality red wines made from grape varieties such as Corvina, Rondinella, and Molinara. Valpolicella wines are typically medium-bodied and fruity, with flavours of red cherries, herbs, and spices.

Varietal refers to a wine made from a single grape variety. Varietal wines can highlight the unique flavours, aromas, and textures of a specific grape, and can be used to differentiate wines from different regions and winemakers.

Verdejo is a white wine grape variety that originates from Spain, particularly the Rueda region in Castilla y León. It is highly regarded for producing aromatic and crisp white wines with a unique character. Verdejo wines are known for their distinctive aromas of green apple, citrus, and herbs, often accompanied by a subtle floral note. These wines typically exhibit a zesty acidity and a medium body, with flavors of tropical fruits, melon, and a hint of almond.

Verdicchio is a white wine grape variety primarily associated with the Marche region in central Italy, particularly in the areas of Jesi and Matelica. It is renowned for producing refreshing and crisp white wines with a distinct character. Verdicchio wines are known for their bright acidity, which imparts a lively and zesty quality to the palate. They often feature citrus notes of lemon and green apple, along with hints of almond and a slightly bitter, herbal edge. Verdicchio wines are typically unoaked, preserving their pure and vibrant fruit flavors.

Vintage refers to the year in which a wine's grapes were harvested, which can influence the wine's flavour, structure, and ageing potential. Vintage can be affected by factors such as weather, climate, and vineyard management.

"Vintage Champagne" refers to a Champagne that is made from grapes harvested in a single specified year. Unlike non-vintage Champagne, which blends wines from different years for consistency, vintage Champagne showcases the unique characteristics of a particular year's harvest. Typically produced only in exceptional years, a vintage Champagne often possesses greater complexity and ageing potential compared to its non-vintage counterparts.

Viognier is a white grape that is widely grown around the world. Viognier is known for its rich and aromatic character, with flavours of apricot, peach, and honey. Viognier is often made into dry or off-dry wines that are full-bodied and complex.

Viticulture refers to the study and practice of grape cultivation, including vineyard management, pruning, and harvesting. Viticulture can be used to improve grape quality, yield, and disease resistance, and can also contribute to sustainability and environmental stewardship.

Xinomavro is a red grape that is widely grown in Greece, particularly in the Macedonia region. Xinomavro is known for its full-bodied and tannic character, with flavours of black fruit, herbs, and spices. Xinomavro is often aged in oak barrels to add complexity and structure.

Yeast refers to microorganisms that consume grape sugars and convert them into alcohol and carbon dioxide during fermentation. Yeast can be affected by factors such as temperature, nutrient availability, and oxygen levels, and can influence a wine's flavour, aroma, and texture.

Yield refers to the amount of grapes harvested per acre of a vineyard, which can affect the wine's quality and concentration. Yield can be influenced by factors such as grape variety, vine age, and pruning, and can be used to balance quantity and quality in winemaking.

Zibibbo is a grape variety primarily used in the production of sweet wines. It is also referred to as Muscat of Alexandria or Moscato di Alessandria. It is believed to be one of the oldest grape varieties in cultivation, with origins tracing back to ancient Egypt. The Zibibbo grape is characterised by its large, oval-shaped berries and thick skin. It is known for its intense and aromatic profile, with flavours and aromas reminiscent of citrus fruits, orange blossoms, apricots, and musk.

Zinfandel is a red grape that is widely grown in California, as well as in other parts of the world. Zinfandel is known for its full-bodied and fruity character, with flavours of blackberries, raspberries, and spices. Zinfandel is often aged in oak barrels to add complexity and structure.